Global Trends of Women in Private Spheres of Business

Introduction Close attention to women in entrepreneurship has emerged from the recognition of the fact that women have become increasingly interested in starting up their own business. Global trends of women in private spheres of business witness the overwhelming percentage of women coming into business; the statistical data shows the female dominance in initiating business over the male entrepreneurship activity.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Global Trends of Women in Private Spheres of Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As noted by Dyson (2003), the 2002 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor showed that 38% of New Zealand entrepreneurs are women. This data supports the prior findings of McGregor and Tweed (2000) that twenty women started up enterprises a day in 2000, representing 40% of all entrepreneurs of the country, as compared to 35% of Canada’s entrepreneurship. Though the UK tendencies show a steady decline in women’s participation in the private business sector, the late 1990s’ data showed that they used to comprise nearly a half of all private businesses (Fielden, Davidson, Dawe, Makin, 2003). These facts the literature methodology employed in the present work: identifying the recurrent topics in national and international research on female entrepreneurship, referring the conclusions and generalizations to New Zealand situation. This statistical information serves as obvious evidence of the growing motivation women have to start up their own business. However, there have emerged a number of discrepancies in entrepreneurship area because of the specificity of female entrepreneurship. The claims that private business research is male-biased have also undermined the viability of traditional approaches to research. Thus, a new methodological perspective is required for studying the dominant tendencies in female entrepreneurship; the most important f ields demanding specific, female-focused attention, include the variety of barriers existing for female entrepreneurs at all stages of business management, the specificity of female motivation in business as compared to males; personal features of male and female entrepreneurs etc. There is also a strong need to identify areas of research in which the gender factor should be taken into account as an essential variable affecting the judgment and conclusions, and where factors other than gender are enacted and allow generalizations on the issue of entrepreneurship devoid of any gender implications.Advertising Looking for research paper on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A set of research articles and publications have been taken as a source base for the present literature review: the theoretical implications of the role of gender are discussed in the article of Moult and Anderson (2005), de Bruin, Brush, and Welt er (2007) research the theoretical framework of considering entrepreneurship in female aspects, and Shelton (2006) examines the family-work conflict as the major constraint in initiating an entrepreneurship. National surveys are also considered in the course of the literature review: Kutanis and Bayraktaroglu (n.d.) provide data on female entrepreneurship trends in Turkey, Zinger et al. (2005) research the Canadian women’s entrepreneurship efforts, and Fielden et al. (2003) turn to the distinction between American and British female entrepreneurship practices. The focus on New Zealand is provided by Dyson (2003) considering the progress in female entrepreneurship opportunities in New Zealand, Massey and Lewis (2003) turning to women and access to micro-finance in the country, and McGregor and Tweed (2000) examining previously utilized research practices in New Zealand. Views are generally shared on the majority of issues, but geographical differences are still evident in the specific situations faced by female entrepreneurs. Female Motivation for Starting up a Business There are many personal motives for starting up a business named by women interviewed on the issue of their private business and those who are only planning to start up a firm. These motives are diverse and include both the wishes and ambitions of women (e.g. the attraction of a new challenge and desire for a better life and work equilibrium) and necessities they experience in the current socio-economic environment (response to redundancy at the previous workplace or the need for flexibility in working time due to the responsibilities in child-rearing and keeping the household) (Dyson, 2003). These were the motive drives for New Zealand women questioned; he opinions of Turkish women, reviewed for comparison, do not differ greatly: among the strongest drives to create a private business dissatisfaction by the previous workplace, the need to utilize personal skills and resources, the lack o f personal autonomy and pursuit of independence and flexibility, difficult working conditions of the firms were named (Kutanis Bayraktaroglu, n.d.).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Global Trends of Women in Private Spheres of Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, there surely are some nation-specific differences in the female entrepreneurship trends and opportunities evident; the fact may be supported by the study initiated by Fielden et al. (2003) to find a solution to the sliding tendencies of female entrepreneurship percentage in the North West of the UK. The method they used was to look for more successful practices in motivating women to enter the private business sector in the USA and this way to detect the barriers most problematic to overcome in the domestic economy. Research of the female motivation to launch their own enterprise was the gender discrimination of many kinds at the corporate workplaces: the inability to overcome the ‘glass ceiling’ phenomenon at work, recurrent lack of recognition of their achievement at work, lack of serious attitude, isolation within an organization, and witnessing male promotions ahead of women (Fielden et al., 2003; Moult Anderson, 2005). These facts may imply that the UK corporate business was designed in a much more beneficial way for women, minimizing their desire to leave the public enterprise field and to start their private business. However, this was not so – the barriers to entry to the private entrepreneurship sector turned out more influential than the attraction of staying at the previous workplace. Hence, a set of gender-neutral factors motivating women to start a private enterprise have also been found. Women have turned out to possess many of the features needed for a successful private business career. They were (and are) well-educated, energetic, resourceful, motivated by potential achi evement, and self-confident (sometimes even at a higher level than their male counterparts) (Fielden et al., 2003). Women in the USA initiating their own private business turned out more dynamic, coming from managerial backgrounds, and having a business start-up experience, which made them correspond to the image of ‘modern’ entrepreneurs. The tendency showed the contrast between the current state of affairs and the 1980s’ tendencies of low-income, uneducated and inexperienced women mainly coming to the private sector of economy.Advertising Looking for research paper on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The conclusions made for the UK business settings included the business support by governmental and private institutions, introduction of mentoring schemes to provide support on the psychological level, and financial support to initiate start-up businesses in Great Britain (Fielden et al., 2003). This research shows the genuine interest of the state in the promotion of both male and female entrepreneurship, hence the state’s role in building healthy motivation and opportunity for women is significant. The fact that entrepreneurship becomes more and more attractive for women is obvious; speaking about New Zealand in particular, one should not that not only the desire to start up a business serves as a decisive factor for initiating an entrepreneur career, but the private business career as a socially acceptable option for women plays its significant role. The country is ranked as one of the highest in encouraging women to become self-employed or start a business of their own ( Dyson, 2003). Hence, the governmental help is a very influential factor in forming motivation for entrepreneurship. Barriers to Business Entry for Women Women and men generally have the same range of opportunities in starting up a private enterprise, mainly because of their ability to access funds and conduct managerial and financial activities. However, as noted by Moult and Anderson (2005), women still suffer from the specific gender-based disadvantages in starting a business. They are diverse and refer to both the access to financial instruments such as micro-finance, more family and social responsibilities (e.g. child-rearing and domestic issues), higher need for flexibility at work etc. Women’s private enterprise is always the issue of a compromise between a family and a job, hence family-business prioritizing often serves as an additional constraint restricting both time and effort allocated for developing a business (Moult Anderson, 2005). The problem is universal in its significance, and, as noted by Dyson (2003), New Zealand women also face the challenge of balancing work, family, whanau and community roles, preserving their own mental and physical health, safety and well-being at the same time. The barriers to business entry for women result in more time spent on the business efforts, resulting in a work-family conflict in the lives of female entrepreneurs. This family-work conflict causes an inevitable tension in the women’s lives and urges them to apply management strategies such as elimination, reduction or sharing ones (Shelton, 2006). As Shelton (2006) argues, the mitigation of the family-work conflict is female-specific, as males are rarely so actively involved in child-rearing and household chores. The family-work conflict serves as an additional barrier in entrepreneurship; there are various roles preferred by women, so in case they prioritize their family roles, they implement participative management, competitive compensation etc., that is technologies that minimize the entrepreneur’s presence at the workplace. Prioritization of work roles may involve hiring staff for childcare and household, seeking help of the family etc. (Shelton, 2006). Some other barriers for female entrepreneurship include the overall negative attitude to women-entrepreneurs, lack of affordable business premises, high costs and overheads of running a small business, lack of support groups etc. (Fielden et al., 2003). Although these barriers constitute serious threats for women starting up a business, the lack of access to financing business starts-up is a more serious barrier. Massey and Lewis (2003) have conducted a survey in New Zealand and have produced a set of highly relevant conclusions on the issue of financing and gender biases in the discussed context. The lack of women’s access to loans and equity finance is considered to have the following set of reasons: low debt capacity of women, less demands for loans for women not apt to take risks, lower income of industry sectors preferred by women, less property of women resulting in their lack of ability to conclude collateral agreements (Massey Lewis, 2003). In addition, the researchers state that women have less experience in finance management, lack skills and knowledge to conform to the banking criteria, being literally unable â€Å"to speak the banker’s language† (Massey Lewis, 2003, p. 16). The problem also has the institutional roots, with lack of attention to the women-specific needs in micro-finance: â€Å"while there are a number of agencies that provide micro-finance to women, there is an almost total lack of interest in evaluating whether this is necessary, and whether the particular measures that are being undertaken are effective and/or efficient† (Massey Lewis, 2003, p. 6). Looking at the current situation in New Zealand, one can say that there are a large number of financing tools for women, including the Federation of Business and Professional Women, the Women’s Loan Fund, the Maori Women’s Development Inc., and many more funds such as the Nelson Enterprise Loan Trust, the Poutama Trust etc. (Massey Lewis, 2003). However, the situation is still considered not ideally equal for men and women, with some action needed to be taken to ensure easier access to financing for women. Some of the proposed decisions called to solve the problem of barriers in financing a private enterprise for women are: to gain a deeper understanding of the women’s wants regarding the entrepreneurship; research the views of stakeholders in the field of financing, and link these data to the current initiatives and delivery methods of government agencies in the field of business finance (Massey Lewis, 2003). Personal Features of Male/Female Entrepreneurs Though the gender bias is actively debated in the field of entrepreneurship, there is still a great body of evidence regarding the fac t that women and men base their entrepreneurship efforts on a differing set of values, attitudes and skills. McGregor and Tweed (2000) have marked the following set of differences in male and female entrepreneurs’ features: women are more concentrated in the micro business field; they are less growth-oriented than men because of their caution regarding business risks. Women reported to prefer small and stable businesses, and wished to preserve the quality of life it gave them but not to develop further. Expansion was even often seen by women as a threat to their welfare. This tendency makes women â€Å"satisficers†, while men are more of â€Å"expansionists† by entrepreneurial nature (McGregor tweed, 2000). McGregor and Tweed’s (2000) findings are supported by the research of Zinger et al. (2005) in the Canadian settings: both teams agreed that women worked predominantly part-time, with their enterprises showing much lower levels of income than malesâ₠¬â„¢ ones. In addition, women were found to be more conservative in their attitude to business, and tending to affiliation but not autonomy (while men expressed the wish for autonomy as one of the dominant incentives for a business start-up). Women preferred mentorship at the initial stages of entrepreneurship and sought reassurance from women in similar circumstances (McGregor Tweed, 2000). However, the categories of women entrepreneurs are also heterogeneous, with the various extent of confidence and prioritization, which can be seen on the example of Turkish women categorized into ‘conventionals’ (women who balance their work and family in a conventional way, not prioritizing any of the fields), ‘innovators’ (women more focused on business than on family roles), ‘domestics’ (women prioritizing family and sacrificing business in case a family-work conflict arises), and ‘radicals’ (women unable to balance their careers with famil y roles and prioritizing business) (Kutanis Bayraktaroglu, n.d.). Some other features specific for female entrepreneurs include the concentration in the retail trade and service sectors (Zinger et al., 2005; Moult Anderson, 2005). Low levels of self-efficacy reported by many women affected the recognition of poor opportunity available for them in private business (Zinger et al., 2005). These facts prove the point that male and female entrepreneurship models are substantially different based on the individual, social and cultural roles of women and men as well as their self-awareness and assessment of success opportunities. Conclusion Despite the fact that literature on female entrepreneurship is heterogeneous, covering may theoretical and practical aspects, some key concerns stand out and require specific attention. It is evident that entrepreneurship needs a much deeper and closer focus because of its specificity and variability of research. The present literature review shows th at there are many similarities in ways of doing business for men and women, but women still have a set of unique features, challenges and approaches to entrepreneurship requiring special attention. As de Bruin, Brush, and Weler (2007) note, there may be no necessity for a separate theory on women’s entrepreneurship, while a certain expansion of existing theoretical concepts may still be needed to incorporate the vision of female entrepreneurship’s distinctiveness. Therefore, research may be based on some well-established methodological principles applied to the whole concept of entrepreneurship. It is also clear that a set of practical solutions for the expansion, encouragement and promotion of female entrepreneurship worldwide. As women are known to have unique constraints such as the family-work conflict, lack of opportunity and access to finance, lack of experience and managerial training, the governmental and private initiatives in the field perform the number one necessity for female stimulation in the private sector. Since women value mentorship at the initial stages of self-employment, the government should offer such services on a more accessible and efficient basis. Women lack self-confidence and lack flexibility, even under the conditions of being prosperous entrepreneurs. Hence, new solutions to face those problems are needed. Finally, one can draw a conclusion that the generally known bias against women entrepreneurs is more a socio-cultural than an economic problem, so measures to overcome it have to be searched in the stereotypical, patriarchal views of the society and addressed accordingly. Only this way may women receive the adequate access to information and resources related to business. The support on the psychological level, adequate business education and recognition of potential may also serve as the indispensible driving forces of female entrepreneurship. References de Bruin, A., Brush, C., Welter, F. (2007). Advancing a f ramework for coherent research on women’s entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory Practice, 31(3), 323-339. Dyson, R. (2003). Address Her Business Conference. Email communication: announce@ministers.govt.nz. 4 March 2003. Fielden, S., Davidson, M., Dawe, A., Makin, P. (2003). Factors inhibiting the economic growth of female owned small businesses in North West England. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 10(2), 152-166. Kutanis, R.O., Bayraktaroglu, S. (n.d.). Female Entrepreneurs: Social Feminist Insights for Overcoming The Barriers. Sakarya University. The Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Business Administration, Turkey. Massey, C., Lewis, K. (2003). New Zealand women and micro-commerce. New Zealand Centre for Small Medium Enterprise Research, Massey University. The paper prepared for the Ministry of Women’s Affairs. McGregor, J., Tweed, D. (2000). Towards a typology of female entrepreneurship: New directions f rom a nationwide study. Paper presented at the 30th European Small Business Seminar, Ghent, Belgium Conference publication, pp. 603-613. Moult, S., Anderson, R. (2005). Enterprising women: Gender and maturity in new venture creation and development. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 13(3), 255-271. Shelton, L. (2006). Female entrepreneurs, work-family conflict, and venture performance: New insights into the work-family interface. Journal of Small Business Management, 44(2), 285-297. Zinger, J.T., LeBrasseur, R., Riverin, N., Robichaud, Y. (2005). Stages of Small Enterprise Development: A Comparison of Female and Male Entrepreneurs. Paper presented on the 21st Annual C.C.S.B.E. Conference, Waterloo, ON R. Oct. 26-28, 2005. 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How to write facilities management tenders - Emphasis

How to write facilities management tenders How to write facilities management tenders Theres usually one guest at a party with a perennial case of its all me, me, me. This is the type of male or female who will wedge you in a corner, and wax lyrical about their latest business success, holiday or views on Americas political landscape. Its difficult to get a word in edgeways and you feel as though youre being assaulted with unwanted information. Most of us would flinch at the thought of being such a social bore. But in business we often make the same mistake of bombarding potential clients with too much information about how great we are. In fact, we should be focusing on their needs and interests. Theres no doubt that facilities managers are great at dealing with people and offering integrated workplace solutions. But translating these skills into a written proposal in order to sell your services is not an easy task. Unless your bid or tender proposal is carefully structured to be reader-focused rather than company-focused, it can have the same effect as the unwanted party guest. It doesnt matter whether youre responding to a warm or a cold lead, showing understanding is more important than trying to dazzle. Your company facts and testimonials should just confirm that you know what youre talking about. Here are seven tips that will help you write bids and tenders that shine the spotlight back onto your prospects and help to win you new business in the process. Grab a pencil and paper Its important to separate the thinking process from the writing process. So get away from your computer screen and ask yourself what core issues you want to address in your proposal. Better still, bounce ideas off a colleague. Decide which ideas are important, essential, desirable and unessential and aim to only include those that are in the first two categories. Put the reader first Always put the prospect first, by starting with their situation and the problems they need to solve. Use the Four Ps technique, which stands for: position (where they are now), problem (why they cant stay there), possibilities (where they could go) and proposal (where they should go). Resist the temptation to write down everything you think will win the contract. Instead, focus on the possible solutions before backing up your recommendations with information about your capabilities. Remember, it doesnt matter whether you are an in-house department; specialist contractor or a large multi-service company, the reader always comes first. And always highlight the benefits of the services in terms of cost reductions for the client, health and safety or other key measurements. Be inclusive Its likely that a variety of decision-makers will read your proposal. Consider the varying needs of the head of finance compared to a business development executive, for instance. And add in facts and figures that will keep everyone happy. But use appendices for detail, rather than stuffing the body text with too many facts that only one person will be interested in. Youre in it to win it Dont forget that you still need to sell the solutions youre proposing. Use persuasive language that will connect with the reader. For example, its useful to use the terms you, we and us to help the prospect visualise you working together. And use the active voice where possible. Check your facts Simple mistakes can seriously undermine what youre offering. Always check the spelling of product and place names and get a colleague to proofread your work carefully. Its easier for a fresh pair of eyes to spot any mistakes. Typos and other errors can still go unnoticed though, so proof-read extra slowly by stopping a pencil at each word to check that its accurate. Jargon is not the bogeyman Ask yourself how much the prospect knows about facilities management. And remember, its very easy to over-estimate this. Dont be afraid to use jargon though, as long as youre certain that your reader will understand it. Keep it short and sweet Many people think that tenders need to be long in order to show the client that youve made an effort. In fact, the opposite is true. It takes more effort to keep a tender clear and concise. Go through and cut out meaningless phrases and unessential information. And keep your sentences short, with each one no more than 15-20 words. A tender process may be your first foot in the door, with what you write determining whether or not youre invited to a face-to-face meeting. But dont be tempted to use flowery language. Instead, write to express rather than impress and youll keep your prospects interested and wanting to find out more. Want to win more business with your tenders? See our tender writing-courses for individuals and our tender-writing course for groups. Robert Ashton is the Chief Executive of Emphasis.

International trade Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International trade - Assignment Example The relatively smaller enterprises are concentrated in Baden-Wurttemberg as well as in Bavaria. The production of mechanical machineries has achieved a pivotal importance in the economy of Germany. In the second half 1990s the sector of mechanical machineries experienced slow growth. However accelerated globalization has contributed much to the success of mechanical machineries production. The employment record is best for Germany among the EU member states. The economic performance also improved significantly. The wage modernization process provided competitive advantage to the industries. The advantage of wage modernization and still productivity of labor coupled to improve the economic performance. The mechanical machineries sector is a well diversified sector. The subsector of machine tools also gained importance. Over the past decade specialization is on the process. The subsectors are closely linked with the automobile industry and gained the attention of the European Union. Th e â€Å"engines and turbine† manufacturing is one such industry that has achieved much importance. The share of contribution of this sector is volatile and it is difficult to get any clear trend from the analysis of the sector. The country offers excellent research conditions for the development of technical machineries. But one challenge that the German companies have to deal with is that of high wages as well as some structural change (Vieweg, 2012). International Trade between Germany and Canada The exchange of capital goods as well as services across the international borders is regarded as International Trade. A significant portion of Gross Domestic Product is contributed by trade. In recent centuries the significance of international trade has gained much importance in economic, social as well as political terms (UN/DESA World Economic Vulnerability Monitor, 2012). The determinants or the evolution of the patterns of trade is not incorporated in the formal models of mac roeconomic dynamics. The models generally take into account the patterns of international trade and the structure of the markets along with the factors of production. Germany is a significant partner in trade for Canada. The bilateral merchandise trade of Canada with Germany accounted to more than 14 billion dollars in 2009. In the same year Germany was the second largest destination for export for Canada among the European Union. The decade of 1998 to 2008 the amount of imports from Germany doubled. The exports of Canada to Germany comprised mostly of manufactured goods. The manufactured goods amounted to 60% of the total exports for the year 2009. The exports of Aircraft witnessed the upward rising curve since 2004 at an average of 55%. The exports of cars and car accessories combined to make up 23% of Canadian imports from Germany in 2009. The trade of resource based goods between the countries is more or less evenly balanced. Germany offers services to Canada. In the year 2007, commercial services formed the major part of exports of services. The figure below shows the data on trade of merchandises. (Holden, 2010). The following figure shows data on major exports to Germany from Canada. (Holden, 2010). The following figure shows trade data category-wise. (Holden, 2010). Socio economic indicators of Germany The socio economic development of a country is measured using the rates of GDP, levels of employment as well as with rates of literacy. The invention f new technologies and

Nursing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Nursing - Assignment Example ntage of SOAP is that there is documentation which ensures communication among different health professionals that may be involved in treatment of that patient. This will prevent any misdiagnosis which may be blamed on one health worker only and which may lead to that health worker being sued. In case of anything going wrong for the patient, all the health workers who were involved and integrated by the SOAP will be in trouble but that is rarely the case. The other legal advantage of a SOAP documentation system is that since the documentation is in note form, the progress notes and all other information appear on one page and hence no chances of ignoring part of the notes or not seeing all the notes as a result of missing pages as is common with other traditional documentation systems (Iyer, et al. 2006). This will ensure that non maleficence and beneficence are promoted as no information which may cause harm to the patient will be left without being addressed. This documentation system however has disadvantages too. One of the disadvantages is that every diagnosis is recorded in a different SOAP and this result to redundancy of the work. This may lead to some health workers failing to record all the information which legally amounts to neglect which may cause harm and also ignore the non maleficence code hence charges can be pressed for such a health worker. This is the commonly used documentation system where the patient’s care and treatment information is recorded chronologically over the duration the patient is in hospital or in a health facility (Iyer, et al. 2006). One of its main legal advantages is that it is useful in emergency situations to quickly collect information of patient’s health and treatment interventions necessary. In case anything fails to be recorded or is misreported at that time, the health worker has legal protection as it was an emergency which is allowed by law. Traditional narrative is the system that most health workers are

The Marginalized Groups of Immigrants in Canada

The Marginalized Groups of Immigrants in Canada Imoghena Usman   Immigration to Canada may seem like a dream for many foreigners, since it arguably provides many opportunities. However, immigration causes difficulties in regards to settlement and integration into the country. Certain groups of immigrants face particular struggles when they arrive in Canada and try to navigate new and different social systems. They face obstacles in that institutions such as the government do not fully support them with the potential issues they face. This essay will argue that the experiences of illegal immigrants, migrant women and the school-aged immigrant children are full of hardships in which the Canadian government has created problems that have prevented them from fully integrating into the country. In the chapter, Illegalized Migrants, Charity-Ann Hannan examines the particular struggles that illegal immigrants have had to face. It can be argued that illegal immigrants face an increased set of challenges than legal immigrants. In Canada, the majority of illegal immigrants obtain this status when they overstay their visa or permit (Hannan 144-145). Without legal documentation, this leads to a number of issues they cannot escape. They are not able to fend for themselves from other institutions that try to hurt them. They are marginalized, as they are able to be exploited by their employers and cannot access government services (Hanson, cited in Hannan 2015, p. 145). Immigration becomes a hardship since illegal immigrants are used for their work and no one wants does not help them. In fact, it seems that they are being punished for being illegal, when they could be trying to live better lives for themselves. The chapter gives a history of the migration of illegalized migrants whic h highlighted cases of Canadas hesitance of bringing immigrants into the country. For example, in 1869, Canada passed its Immigration Act that did not allow criminals in the country (Makarenko, cited in Hannan 2015, p. 146), and employers hired immigrants to work for cheap with no chance for unionization (Avery, cited in Hannan 2015, p. 146-147). Without any way to come together and protect themselves, illegal immigrants arguably could not live good lives nor defend themselves from being exploited for their work. Immigration consisted of hard work without interests being fulfilled. The Chinese were specifically targeted as well. In 1885, the Chinese Immigration Act required them to pay an entrance fee, but British Columbia pushed the provincial government to deny entry, so the 1923 Immigration Act was passed to officially bar entry (Avery, cited in Hannan 2015, p. 147-148). By barring the Chinese from entering the country, the Canadian government demonstrated that it was opposed to immigration by certain groups of foreigners. By going after a specific ethnic community, this policy proves that immigration had a bad image because it was based on discriminatory practices. In 1967, Canada shifted the Immigration Acts focus onto skills (Hannan 148), and the 1976 version created classes for immigrants to enter through (Avery 1995; Immigration Act 1976-1977, cited in Hannan 2015, p. 148), which was to create the image that Canada was making a more fair and equitable immigration system, (Hannan 150). However, the government also implemented the TFW program, where if they stay past their visas, they become illegal immigrants (Hennerbry, cited in Hannan 2015, p. 150). The Canadian government may have tried to improve their image in creating these legislations that encouraged immigration, but they also created legislation that could be believed to have continued their legacy of discrimination against immigrants. This has continued into recent times as well; the 2002 Immi gration and Refugee Act restricted immigrant investors and sponsorship of family (Hannan 150). Immigrants continue to be restricted from being allowed into Canada, and this legislation portrays how the government is still prejudiced against immigration from specific categories. Temporary foreign workers of low skill work for four years and are forced back to their country of origin, but when the first period ended in 2015, it was predicted that there would be more illegal immigrants (Alboim and Kohl, cited in Hannan 2015, p. 150). This arguably caused the Canadian governments efforts to restrict entry to the country to be undermined by having temporary migrants becoming illegal immigrants, since the text indicated there will be an increase of illegal immigrants due to policy (Hannan 156). Canada illustrates a negative attitude towards certain groups of immigrants, in which their policies demonstrate that they are not wanted. This image is also seen through the work of migrants. In t he labour market, there is a secondary segment of work that has low wages, few benefits, poor working conditions, high labour turnover, and little chance of advancement, (Doeringer and Piore, cited in Hannan 2015, p. 153), which is where many migrants work in to address labour demand (Piore, cited in Hannan 2015, p. 153). This is seen with illegal immigrants, as they earn less then legalized migrants (Davila and Pagan; Mehta, Theodore, Mora and Wade; Phillips and Massey; Rivera-Batiz; Youn, Woods, Zhou and Hardigree, cited in Hannan 2015, p. 154). Illegal immigrants are in risk because they are put in a financially difficult position and do not have the resources to get out of it. They basically serve to work without any benefits, showing that Canadian immigration for this particular group possibly does not lead to any good outcomes. There are also other factors that divides them even more. Men earn higher wages than women (Cobb-Clark and Koussoduji 1999; Mehta et al. 2002; Rivera-B atiz 1999, cited in Hannan 2015, p. 154), as well as those who were employed in the manufacturing industry (Mehta et al. 2002, cited in Hannan 2015, p. 154). According to these examples, illegal immigration is based on division in which they have to fight for survival and rights. However, employers are the ones who benefit as illegal immigrants do not have protection so they cannot unionize (Morales, cited in Hannan 2015, p. 156), demonstrating that many illegal immigrants are to fend for themselves. In Chapter 10, Leslie Nichols and Vappu Tyyskà ¤ write about the experiences of migrant women. In Canadas colonized history, white female immigrants were portrayed as co-settlers with their male counterparts, (Nichols and Tyyskà ¤ 250). There was number of cases in Canadian history where women of colour were targeted in racialized discrimination. One case was black Caribbean women, who worked as domestics after British and Finnish domestics came between 1900-1930 (Das Gupta, cited in Nichols and Tyyskà ¤ 2015, p. 251). They only had temporary contracts, and had to go back home, the opposite experience of European women (Nichols and Tyyskà ¤ 251). The blatant racism showed how non-white females never got a chance to prove their worth and to live a better life in a new country. The temporary contracts prove that there was a negative bias towards immigrant women because they did not want women of colour around for a long period of time; they were unwanted. In terms of economics, imm igrant women continue to struggle. This can be seen through the way they entered into Canada as, during 201257.6% of women entered through the family class, (Citizenship and Immigration Canada 2012, cited in Nichols and Tyyskà ¤ 2015, p. 253). It can be inferred from the statistics that many women do not have the financial resources to provide for themselves. This is also demonstrated with the facts that less than half of immigrant women were employed (Statistics Canada 2011, cited in Nichols and Tyyskà ¤ 2015, p. 254), and the most recent arrivals earned a median income of $15, 590 (Statistics Canada 2013, cited in Nichols and Tyyskà ¤ 2015, p. 255). Women could be financially struggling because there are no jobs that are stable for them, so they need to be reliant on others. For example, men are the breadwinners of the family (Nichols and Tyyskà ¤, 255). They are also unable to learn necessary skills in order to live fully, such as not being able to attend language classes th rough the Language Instruction for Newcomers to Canada because childcare is limited to very young children (Pothier, cited in Nichols and Tyyskà ¤ 2015, p. 256). It demonstrates that female immigrants are unable to get the skills needed because the government do not provide better alternatives/programs for them. They will remain financially dependent on others. Women also face challenges from within their families as well. With their spouses, if a woman becomes employed, the males would lose their breadwinner status and lose confidence (Ali and Kilbride, cited in Nichols and Tyyskà ¤ 2015, p. 257), which causes them to become violent towards the family (Tyyskà ¤ 2005, 2008, cited in Nichols and Tyyskà ¤ 2015, p. 257). When immigrant women do get jobs, it causes conflict with their spouses that can lead to a dangerous experience. This further causes them to become marginalized, and may deter them from finding work. Younger women face pressure to conform into cultural norms in ter ms of sex which they must pass on to their children (Handa; Tyyskà ¤, cited in Nichols and Tyyskà ¤ 2015, p. 261), and are encouraged into practices such as arranged marriage (Ghimire and Axinn, cited in Nichols and Tyyskà ¤ 2015, p. 261). Immigrant women are being suppressed by their families because they cannot integrate into Canadian norms, even if they want to, and lack the choice to make their own decisions. This may be due to patriarchal hierarchies in cultural groups (Nichols and Tyyskà ¤ 257). If males are dominant, then women lack the leadership to grow into their own person. This portrays an image of Canadian immigration where women are pushed into sexist roles, and cannot work to make better lives for themselves because the government and other factors continue to stop them. In Chapter 11, Mehrunnisa Ahmad Ali examines child immigrants and their schooling. A variety of immigrant children of colour experienced challenges in terms of race when entering into Canada in its history. One example is when black migrants moved from the United States to Canada (Joshee and Johnson, cited in Ali 2015, p. 275), black children were segregated from their white peers in legislated separate schools due to parental fear of their influence (Ali 275). It shows that black children would not be able to settle into the country without being ostracized by their communities. Since the schools were legislated (Ali 275), this proves that the government did not consider the wellbeing of immigrant children of colour; they were presumably left to fend for themselves. Another example was when a law was passed forcing Aboriginals to attend school, leading to forcible removal to residential schools where their culture was taken away from them (Ali 276). Immigration for children would be tough and not welcome by many. It proves that the discrimination of immigrants in Canada was not limited by age. This segregation has continued on into present day, where immigrants move to areas with a common culture and/or affordable, and those in low-income areas send their children to schools where there are many immigrant children (Ali 277). Immigrants are separated from permanent residents due to their situations and lack of similarities. This portrays a divide between the two groups. Immigrant children tend to struggle more in school; since they do not have the grasp of English, they fall behind in class and are put into non-academic streams which lead to lower status jobs then post-secondary education (Ali 278). Immigrant children will grow up to struggle into their adulthood, showing that they will most likely end up in difficult situations. It shows that Canadian immigration for children will pose more challenges for their futures. The government does not help them as wel l, as there is a lack of funding for English as a Second Language Programs and provincial benefits that only last for a short period of time (Ali 278-279). The significance of this is that the government has not fully learned from history by not providing the resources necessary to help them settle into their new lives. Immigrant children stand to suffer from the lack of services and the government does not seem to support them. The schools do not seem to look at their experiences and lifestyles as well; for example, the curriculum focuses on Canadian heroes and not how they were immigrants (Ali 2009, cited in Ali 2015, p. 281). Immigrant children are also segregated between themselves. Those who live in areas with poverty and high crime go to schools that focus more on dropout rates then academic achievement, while those who come into the country fluent in English or French can enter school more easily, but can face bullying if they have an accent (Ali 285-286). Depending on the ch ilds circumstances, there is always a chance of failure. Immigration, according to those three groups experiences, is basically a hardship. From past to present, there have been numerous examples where migrants of those categories struggle to make it into their new lives. From the evidence, it can be determined that there needs to be more done in order to make immigrants more comfortable in Canada. If they cannot feel like they are part of a community and have access to resources that can help them know the country more, then it would be difficult for them to feel like they are at home. In Immigration Policy, Settlement Service, and Immigrant Mothers in Neoliberal Canada: A Feminist Analysis, Yidan Zhu describes that not so many immigration settlement organizations provide parenting or mothering courses/workshops for mothers, (148). Zhu proves that if certain resources are not provided, then one would infer that immigrants would never be able to learn important information that could help them live better. In all three cases, there has bee n a division between immigrants and Canadians in which it could almost be categorized as a segregation. This division has cause conflicts between the two groups. For example, Canadian teachers want immigrant parents to raise their children with Canadian values (Ali 2012, cited in Ali 2015, p. 283). There should be a push to immigrants and permanent residents to work together, such as a call for global citizen education (Richardson, cited in Ali 2015, p. 280). If not, these issues will continue, such as how immigrant children face alienation and no sense of belonging in Canada due to discrimination (Omidvar Richmond, cited in Oxman-Martinez et al, p. 377). Immigrants should be able to feel like they are at home where they feel safe, instead of being separated from the rest of Canadians for being who they are. Finally, the Canadian government should be pushed in making more of an active effort in assuring immigrants of these groups are not marginalized. In all three cases, the govern ment contributed in the mistreatment and/or obstacles they have faced. Both individuals and communities must push to make them realize that immigrants need help instead of constant battles that they do not have the power to face. For example, Zhu explains that while the state provides immigration resources for women, their own experiences of mothering are considered unimportant and the state is made to look responsible for them as the parents (152). There needs to be more communication between the government and immigrants with push from the numerous immigrant communities and other resources because if not, then there will continue to be misguided actions that hurt the community. In conclusion, immigrants are blocked from reaching their full potential when they arrive in Canada. Illegal immigrants face exploitation, women are devalued and placed under sexist norms and children struggle to integrate into a school system that is not always welcoming. Meanwhile, the government continues to block any chance they have in succeeding in their new country, while outliers also affect their newfound status. Overall, there needs to be more change in order to allow these groups of immigrants to thrive in an unfamiliar world. Works Cited Ali, Mehrunnisa Ahmad. The Schooling of Children of Immigrants. Immigrant Experiences in North America: Understanding Settlement and Intergration, edited by Harald Bauder and John Shields, Canadian Scholars Press Inc., 2015, pp. 273-291. Hannan, Charity-Ann. Illegalized Migrants. Immigrant Experiences in North America: Understanding Settlement and Intergration, edited by Harald Bauder and John Shields, Canadian Scholars Press Inc., 2015, pp. 144-163. Nichols, Leslie and Tyyskà ¤, Vappu. Immigrant Women in Canada and the United States. Immigrant Experiences in North America: Understanding Settlement and Intergration, edited by Harald Bauder and John Shields, Canadian Scholars Press Inc., 2015, pp. 248-272. Oxman-Martinez, Jacqueline, et al. Perceived Ethnic Discrimination and Social Exclusion: Newcomer Immigrant Children in Canada. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 82.3 (2012): 376-88. Web. 26 Mar. 2017. Zhu, Yidan. Immigration Policy, Settlement Service, and Immigrant Mothers in Neoliberal Canada: A Feminist Analysis. Canadian Ethnic Studies, vol. 48, no. 2, 2016, pp. 143-156, Canadian Business Current Affairs Database; Political Science Database; ProQuest Sociology Collection, http://ezproxy.lib.ryerson.ca/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/1815479346?accountid=13631.

Commercial company Essay

Select a major industrial or commercial company based in the United States and listed on one of the major stock exchanges in the United States. Each student should select a different company. Avoid selecting an insurance company or a bank, because the financial ratios for these financial businesses are different. Write a seven-to-eight-page double-spaced paper answering and demonstrating with calculations and financial data the following questions. 1. What is the name of the company? What is the industry sector? Starbucks Corporation is in the Food and Beverage industry 2. What are the operating risks of the company? Economic conditions in the US and certain international markets could adversely affect Starbucks’ business and financial results. – as a retailer Starbucks is dependent upon the customer’s discretionary spending. Customers may have less money for discretionary purchases as a result of job losses, foreclosures, bankruptcies, increased fuel and energy costs, higher interest rates and taxes. Decreases in customer traffic will negatively impact financial performance. Starbucks may not be successful in implementing important strategic initiatives or effectively managing growth, which may have an adverse impact on our business and financial results. – there is no assurance that Starbucks will be able to implement strategic initiatives and achieve the results that are within management’s expectations. These initiatives are designed to create growth, improve operations and drive long-term shareholder value. Starbucks face intense competition in each of our channels and markets, which could lead to reduced profitability. Starbucks is highly dependent on the financial performance of the America’s operating segment – the Americas operating segment contributes 74% of the total net revenues in fiscal 2013. Starbucks is relying on the success in the European/ Middle East, China/Asia Pacific operating segments to achieve overall growth targets. Other international operations are also subject to additional inherent risk when conducting business abroad. Of which, include: Forex rate fluctuations. Changes or uncertainties in economic, legal, regulatory, social and political conditions in international markets. Restrictive actions of foreign or US governments affecting trade. Enforceability of intellectual and contract rights. Local laws Disruption in energy supplies. Delays in store opening beyond the control of management. Increases in the cost of high-quality Arabica coffee beans or other commodities. Disruption in the supply chain, which will impact the ability to deliver Starbucks’ products. The loss if key personnel or difficulties in recruiting and retaining qualified personnel Adverse public or medical opinions about the health effects of consuming Starbucks’s products, as well as reports of incidents involving food-borne illnesses, food tampering or food contamination. Starbucks relies heavily on information technology in operations, and any material failure, inadequacy, interruption or security failure of that technology could harm Starbucks’ ability to effectively operate the business. Failure to comply with local laws and regulations. 3. What is the financial risk of the company (the debt to total capitalization ratio)? Market Cap: 56.69 BN Debt: 2.05BN Debt/total cap ratio = 0.036 (yahoo.com, 2014) 4. Does the company have any preferred stock? The company does not have preferred stock. 5. What is the capital structure of the company: short-term portion of long-term debt, long-term debt, preferred stock (if any), and market value of common stock issued and outstanding? short-term portion of long-term debt 357.7 Million Long-term debt 1,299 Million Preferred Stock 0 Market value of common stock 56.69 Billion 6. What is the company’s current actual beta? 0.95 7. What would the beta of this company be if it had no long-term debt in its capital structure? Unlevered Beta using Hamada equation = Beta /[1+(1-T) x (D/E)] Beta : 0.95 Marginal Tax Rate, T: 32.8% D/E: 0.036 Unlevered Beta = 0.96 / [1+(1 -0.328)*0.036] =0.937 8. What is the company’s current marginal tax rate? Income taxes for the fiscal year ended 2012 resulted in an effective tax rate of 32.8% compared to 31.1% for fiscal year 2011. (Starbucks Coffee Company, 2013) 9. What is the price earnings multiple of the company? Price to earnings ration. This ratio is used in conjunction with other metrics to give analyst and investors are quick initial impression of whether a company would make a good investment. (investopedia, 2014) Starbucks P/E ratio is 385.05 10. How has the company’s stock been performing in the last 5 years? Starbucks share price 282.32% in the last 5 yrs. 11. Would you invest in this company? Why or why not? I would invest in Starbucks. SBUX has the highest P/E ratio among its competitors. Their cost of debt is low compared to their cost of equity. That is why they are relying on debt for their expansion. Their dividends per share have been increasing yearly. 18. The last page of your paper should be a Bibliography of the sources you used to prepare this paper. Bibliography investopedia. (2011, feb). Cost of Equity. (investopedia) Retrieved septmeber 2014, from Investopedia: www.investopedia.com/terms/c/costofeqquity.asp investopedia. (2014). Definition of â€Å"Prince Multiple’. Retrieved from www.investopedia.com: www.investopedia.com/terms/p/princemultiles.asp Starbucks Coffee Company. (2013). Fiscal 2013 Annual Report. Investor Relations. Seattle: Starbucks Coffee Company. yahoo.com. (2014, september). Yahoo Finance. (Yahoo.com, Producer) Retrieved september 2014, from Yahoo finance: finance.yahoo.com/q/ks?s=SBUX+Key+Statistics

Jfk Cuban Missile Crisis Essay

The speech made people aware that action was being taken to prevent any unexpected attacks and that every aspect of the crisis was being looked into. The speech itself upset many Americans and put them into a state of fear, but it also reassured them that Kennedy was aware and ready to take control to protect his country. Kennedy’s impact on the United States was not as remembered for what he did, but more for what he could have done. This particular speech helps illustrate the greater aspects of American history and shows why we are still a united nation. The Kennedy family had a passion for success. The public attention and fame that the family possessed came from â€Å"personal wealth and politics. † (Gale, 1994. Biography In Context) John Kennedy’s father, Joseph P. Kennedy, was ambassador of the United States and the United Kingdom. His wife, Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy, was an American philanthropist. The couple had nine children together, John F. Kennedy being the second oldest son. He was born on May 29, 1917. His father put a great deal of his faith into his first born, Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. , his goal being to make him president of the United States. With the family’s competitive nature, this caused a lot of rivalry between the two brothers. This issue followed them into their adult lives where â€Å"Jack,† as John was called, and his older brother both went to Choate and Harvard. Kennedy had not had a set plan for pursuing a career, but he was â€Å"certain of eventual American involvement in the expanding war. † (Gale, 1994. Biography In Context) He was assigned to Naval Intelligence in Washington when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. He was reassigned to sea duty on PT boats. On August 2, 1943, after a Japanese destroyer crashed into Kennedy’s PT-109, he was declared a â€Å"hero† by The New York Times for rescuing the surviving crew members. This story was circulated in each of Kennedy’s campaigns helping him move up as a politician. A year later his older brother, Joseph was killed while on a dangerous volunteer mission in Europe. He died instantly do to the explosion of an aircraft carrying dynamite. Kennedy’s political career really started up around this time because of his feelings of an â€Å"unnamed responsibility† to his parents, brothers, and sisters. In 1946, his father felt it was necessary to have John Kennedy take his brothers place and run for the same seat in Congress John’s grandfather â€Å"Honey Fitz† held nearly five decades earlier. (Gale, 1994. Biography In Context) Kennedy went into politics with no plan or philosophy. Even without direction in his campaign he still did win. People looked at him indifferently due to the fact that he wasn’t very involved in the debates. His health started depleting and it was obvious to the public that he was suffering from illness. He was diagnosed with Addison’s disease in 1947. It is a disease that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones. He was then given only a few years to live, but when he started his cortisone treatments in 1950, his health improved along with his spirits. In the 1960 Presidential election, Kennedy defeated Richard Nixon by 12,000 votes. Kennedy began his presidency with grace and huge expectations for the nation. His inaugural speech focused on what America’s role was with the rest of the world and his obligations as â€Å"Leader of the Free World. † The Cuban Missile Crisis came about when Premier Nikita Khrushchev announced that Soviets plan to support â€Å"wars of national liberation† against noncommunist regimes around the globe. Kennedy sharpened the American military’s watch on communist rebellion against the government. In April, 1961 he authorized a CIA plan to invade Cuba. The invasion failed horribly at the Bay of Pigs and the U. S. was on the edge of war when President Kennedy confronted Khrushchev about the presence of missile sites in Cuba. After two weeks they had reached a compromise: Soviets would withdraw their missiles in Cuba and the U. S. would withdraw its missiles in Turkey. The Cuban Missile Crisis speech was given on October 22, 1962 at the White House. It addressed our nation’s allies and enemies along with all American citizens. Kennedy used logos, pathos, and ethos in his address. He used logos by stating â€Å"unmistakable evidence that a series of offensive missile sites are in preparation. He let everybody know that the evidence was proven true and that no lies are coming from the address.